After their ordeal in Russia, the last British Army prisoners-of-war to return from World War I held a reunion dinner at the Café Royal in Piccadilly. Unfortunately, not every member of the group had remained in London, but those that did attend, signed the back of a photograph that had been taken on board HMS Delhi.
The signatures that are in the image below were my starting point for the research that went into Churchill’s Abandoned Prisoners. I found it extraordinary what these men achieved in later life, but did not have space in the book to cover this aspect of the story.In January 2024, I will describe what I have discovered from various sources including university archives and verbal testimony, beginning on New Year’s Day with Lieutenant General Sir Brian Horrocks, whose signature in in the bottom left of the photograph.
On Christmas Eve 1919, a dozen British families, who were fleeing from the Red Terror were stuck at Mariansk on the Trans-Siberian Railway Line with Captain Brian Horrocks and a troop of British Army soldiers, who had been ordered to remain behind to organise the evacuation of the White Russian capital, Omsk. The railway was in utter chaos because Admiral Kolchak’s army had been defeated and his government had collapsed, while he was stuck at Krasnoyarsk with the remains of the Imperial Treasury.
That evening, the British soldiers made the most of their situation. There was a babble of noise as 40 people squeezed into one carriage and ate their supper of soup, rice and vodka. A whisky bottle was shared around and they had an impromptu sing-song until 11.30 p.m. with a magnificent rendition of Helen of Troy and Give Me The Moonlight.
The soldiers’ incredible tale of survival through the Siberian winter, capture in Krasnoyarsk, deception in Irkutsk and imprisonment in Moscow is the subject of Churchill’s Abandoned Prisoners, with an introduction by Count Nikolai Tolstoy, whose father escaped from Russia in the same ship as one of the British soldiers on this train.
Brian Horrocks and the last British Army Prisoners-of-War in Russia
As we approach the 35th anniversary of the “deadliest terror attack in British history” that took place over Lockerbie on 21st December 1988, the BBC has published an article that raises more questions than it answers. The commemoration accurately describes the atrocious crime and the brilliant forensic work that brought two of the Libyan bombers to court in 1999 and the extradition of a third, Abu Agila Masud, who is awaiting trial in the USA.However, the article does not adequately explain why Colonel Gadhafi sponsored this despicable act of terrorismand instead,suggests that Iran and the Palestinians, rather than Libya, were behind the bombing.
I am surprised this conspiracy theory is still peddled by our public service broadcaster and they only link Libya to the attack through the bombing of La Belle disco in Berlin, which led to the 1986 US air raid on Tripoli (Operation Eldorado Canyon). This may have played a small part in his thinking, but this was water under the bridge by December 1988 because Gadhafi had shot down an F-111F bomber with the loss of two US pilots and the court of international opinion had sided with him (the UN adopted a resolution which condemned “the military attack perpetrated against the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 15 April 1986, which constitutes a violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law”).
The real motivation for Lockerbie centred on Gadhafi’s nuclear programme, which proved to be much more advanced than anyone outside Libya knew. Ever since 1973, the Brotherly Leader had occupied a large area south of the border with Chad, known as the Aouzou Strip, where he mined Uranium for use in his nuclear programme. However in 1987, France and the USA provided the military expertise in an offensive launched to recapture this land. By the end of September, Gadhafi’s troops were routed with more than 7,000 Libyans killed in what is now known as the (first) Toyota War.
This blow to Gadhafi’s prestige was the real reason why he sponsored his most despicable acts, the downing by suitcase bombs of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988 and Union de Transports Aériens Flight 772 on 19 September 1989. The former killed all 259 passengers and crew (from 21 countries) along with 11 residents of Sherwood Crescent. The later attack killed all 170 passengers and crew (from 18 countries) in a French DC-10 that was flying from the Congo to Paris over the Niger desert.It is about time that the BBC and other Media outlets told the truth about this.
Following David Cameron’s visit last month, the Defence Secretary made a timely trip to the Middle East this week. The Right Hon Grant Shapps was an inspired choice to visit Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories just before the UN Security Council Ceasefire Vote in New York. He is one of the few MPs who is respected by the Israeli government, so he can finesse the tricky balancing act created by British interests in the region. His stated aim of the visit, “to accelerate the delivery of lifesaving humanitarian assistance into Gaza and efforts to secure the release of all remaining hostages” sums up the current dilemma of advocating a Rules Based Approach to international relations while trying to deal effectively with hate-filled terrorist organisations.
Unlike France, Britain does not often deviate from American foreign policy when it comes to a UN Security Council debate. The mantra: “you are either with us or against us” has been heard repeatedly from the other side of the Atlantic for twenty two years and led successive governments to positioning Britain as America’s leading ally, so it is not surprising that Britain did not vote for the UN Secretary’s ceasefire.
There are two important consequences of this development. The first is the increasing difficulty Britain and America will have in persuading international partners that they should support them against China and Russia. The second is the growing importance of Britain’s military bases in Cyprus. When I hosted a previous Defence Secretary there before the Gulf War, the island was considered to be a side-show compared with the bases in Germany and Northern Ireland. Now, the strategic sites at Ay Nik and RAF Akrotiri are arguably the jewels in the “overseas” crown.
The murder of Major Kevin McCool near to Mount Kenya is a terrible reminder about the very real risks run by British soldiers in Africa. It is also a distressing coincidence that it took place close to where another intrepid Parachute Regiment officer, David Parkinson, was murdered by a machete gang ten years ago.
Kenya is the most wonderful country, with stunning wildlife, scenery and adventure training opportunities. Its coast has provided some of the best underwater diving experiences of my life and my uncle, who farmed close to where the British Army training unit is now located, enjoyed racing cars at Gilgil, before his untimely death.
Whenever, I travel in Africa, I am always reminded of the power of Nature, whether that be crossing a harsh desert, ascending a mountain, or floating down a giant river. However, the ever-present dangers that range from poisonous insects to cunning crocs are small-fry compared with the threat from criminal gangs, which are often connected to the $20 Billion illegal wildlife trade. In 2015, I became involved in RUSI’s countering poaching project, so I know how widely the tentacles of this trade are felt across the Continent and I am hoping that the British Army’s much-needed operations in this field will not be reduced as a result of the tragic death of Major McCool.
On 22 November 1920, the ship bringing the last British PoWs back from Russia docked in Harwich at 6 am. Two officers remained in the port to organise quarantine for their pet mascot, Teddy, while the other thirteen took the train to Liverpool Street Station. Arriving in London, they were met by a gaggle of reporters who took a photograph of them which was published in several newspapers the next day.
The soldiers were very cautious about what they revealed because they knew a Victoria Cross winner had been court martialled recently for communicating with the media without permission after returning from North Russia. However, they did say a few words that contradicted the narrative of recent official visitors who had been Lenin’s guests and added “the people in England have no idea of the dreadful state of things that exist in Russia”.
Reporting to the War Office, the soldiers were put on three months long leave and ordered not to speak about their experiences in the Moscow prisons. As they scattered around the globe, to Australia, Brazil, Canada, India and Ireland, the Prime minister, David Lloyd George, signed a trade deal with the Bolshevik government and covered up the soldiers’ story without awarding any military honours to their leader despite his outstanding work in helping British citizens to escape from the Red Terror. Their incredible adventure is now available to be read in Churchill’s Abandoned Prisoners: The British Soldiers Deceived in the Russian Civil War.
For my 12th birthday, I was allowed to invite a group of school friends to the award winning film, Waterloo. I had already climbed the Lion Mound and visited La Haye Sainte on a battlefield tour and was captivated by the leading characters played brilliantly by Rod Steiger and Christopher Plummer. I still have the 28-page booklet, which candidly reveals the secrets of the filming in the Ukraine and inspired me to study the different approaches to soldiering used by the two protagonists, Napoleon and Wellington.
Both these famous generals bridged the military-political divide. Whereas, Wellington was content to serve his King and Country as Prime Minister, which he was invited to do on two occasions, Napoleon’s megalomania drove his attempt to rule the world. It is for this reason that the Corsican holds a greater fascination to the media, but it is intriguing that despite 10,000 books being written about him, no one before Sir Ridley Scott has produced an epic film biography of the Corsican and that Stanley Kubrick cancelled his attempt after the commercial failure of Waterloo in the 1970s.
In the past decade, there has been a continuous stream of major films about 20th century warfare, including: War Horse, Dunkirk, Hacksaw Ridge, 1917, They Shall Not Grow Old and All Quiet on the Western Front. I wonder whether Ridley Scott’s film will start a new trend for 19th century war films and the Crimean War will come back into focus, given the situation in Ukraine today?
In its coverage of Remembrance Sunday, the BBC has emphasised the parade of veterans marching past the Cenotaph. This is all very well, but it does slightly play to the perceived stereotype that this day is irrelevant for young people. My experience around the country is very different as I have seen hundreds of teenagers selling poppies and marching past war memorials in towns and cities. Most of these are Sea, Army and Air Cadets, but there are also Scouts and Guides and other youth organisations who come to line the route today.
I believe it is really important to emphasise that this is not just about the past, but also the future. John McCrae’s iconic poem hits the nail on the head in the final verse: “Take up our quarrel with the foe, To you from falling hands we throw the torch. Be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die, We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.”
During the past 30 years, organisers have widened the commemoration to include those who are affected directly or indirectly by armed conflict, or have lost loved ones in acts of terror. This is entirely appropriate, but we also need our young people to understand Remembrance and encourage them to take up “the torch”.
There is a commemoration on 11th November that is almost as significant as the Armistice that ended hostilities on the Western Front in 1918. It is the moment that for many historians marks the turning point of World War II, when Rommel was driven out of Egypt by the “Desert Rats” who he had fought for 18 months.
This Allied victory by 8th Army (which was made up of infantry divisions from Australia, Britain, India, New Zealand and South Africa as well as French and Greek brigades) inspired Winston Churchill to deliver one of his much-repeated wartime quotes during the annual Lord Mayor’s reception in London: “Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.”
The Prime Minister must havefelt a tremendous sense of relief not only because the year had been full of disasters such as the loss of Hong Kong, Singapore and Tobruk, but also because the US landings in French North Africa were about to begin. Recognising this was the turning point of the war, Churchill authorised the ringing of Church bells throughout the United Kingdom; a sound that had not been heard for over two years. Soon afterwards, he visited his alma mater, where he was given a rapturous reception by the schoolboy audiencewhen he said: “Far be it for me to say how long the road will be, or how great the effort will be…I do feel that I can assure you that we are moving forward, stronger every month and that the day will shortly come…when we shall reach a broader and brighter light…”
One of Montgomery’s myths was that everything at Alamein went according to his plan and that General Sir Harold Alexander played little or no part in the battle. However, the reality was that the Commander-in-Chief had a huge part to play not just in the political-strategic domain, but also at the tactical level.
After a week of fighting, Monty intended to push his second phase (Operation Supercharge) through the Australian Division on the north coast. However, Alexander intervened and persuaded him to change his point of attack by focusing on the feature known as Kidney Ridge, where the commanding officer of the Rifle Brigade, Vic Turner had just earned his Victoria Cross.Early in the morning of the 2nd November, a mixed infantry force from the Durham, Highland and Maori Brigades punched a hole through the enemy line and made space for 9th Armoured Brigade to advance at first light.
Unfortunately, this spearhead brigade, made up of The King’s Own Hussars, the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry and the Warwickshire Yeomanry, became was not supported by the follow-up division. The daylight battle resembled Balaklava, but the isolated Brigade Commander, John Currie did not give up and despite losing 102 of 128 tanks and 229 soldiers, he drew in Rommel’s reserves and won a famous victory at Tel el Aqqaqir.
Montgomery later wrote: “If the British armour owed any debt to the infantry of the Eighth Army, the debt was paid on November 2 by 9th Armoured Brigade in heroism and blood.” There was still much hard fighting to do for 1st Armoured Division as they battered away at 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, but gaps now appeared in the Axis lines and Montgomery showed great skill in directing his troops through these breaches.
Rupert Wieloch 